Genetic+Engineering+and+Biotechnology

4.4.1 Outline the use of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to copy and amplify minute quantities of DNA.

4.4.2 State that, in gel electrophoresis, fragments of DNA move in an electric field and are separated according to their size.

4.4.3 State that gel electrophoresis of DNA is used in DNA profiling.

4.4.4 Describe the application of DNA profiling to determine paternity and also in forensic investigations.

4.4.5 Analyse DNA profiles to draw conclusions about paternity or forensic investigations.

4.4.6 Outline three outcomes of the sequencing of the complete human genome.

4.4.7 State that, when genes are transferred between species, the amino acid sequence of polypeptides translated from them is unchanged because the genetic code is universal.

4.4.8 Outline a basic technique used for gene transfer involving plasmids, a host cell (bacterium, yeast or other cell), restriction enzymes (endonucleases) and DNA ligase.

4.4.9 State two examples of the current uses of genetically modified crops or animals.

4.4.10 Discuss the potential benefits and possible harmful effects of one example of genetic modification.

4.4.11 Define //clone //.

4.4.12 Outline a technique for cloning using differentiated animal cells.

4.4.13 Discuss the ethical issues of therapeutic cloning in humans.